http://europenews.dk/files/The%20histor ... hammad.pdf
Speech at the Danish Free Press Society, Copenhagen (9 mei 2011)
Muhammad, as you all know, is the prophet of Islam.
The word 'prophet' comes from Greek, and in Greek the word 'prophet' originally meant '
spokesman'.
Islam, we have to understand, teaches that Muhammad was God's spokesman and that he died in the year 632 in Medina, a town located in a geographical area that is now part of modern Saudi-Arabia.
Islam commands Muslims to follow Muhammad's example down to the
smallest details. The obligation to imitate Muhammad makes it important to Muslims that they should know how exactly Muhammad behaved, and which acts and deeds he forbade, recommended, commanded or tolerated.
Moreover, whatever he did is a legal precedent. He was, after all, God's spokesman.
About Muhammad's way of life, Islam offers a large number of stories to the interested. Apart from these stories, the believers are blessed with the possession of voluminous and even canonized collections of his sayings.
We are urged to believe that these sayings and these stories embody Muhammad's example. That may be true, or it may not be true.
It would be reassuring if we had archaeological evidence that supported the official Muslim version of some of the events that these sayings and stories narrate or obliquely refer to - but there is no such evidence.
This, however, does not necessarily mean that such evidence does not exist. It might still be hidden in the sands of Arabia.
Nevertheless, this lack of archaeological confirmation is astonishing, but what is even more so is that the peoples and cultures with whom the armies of Islam came into contact in the first half of the seventh century of our calendar, do not mention Muhammad in their writings. Even the words 'Islam' and 'Muslim' appear to have been unfamiliar until a relatively late date.
Please note that these cultures were advanced and literate. We here are talking about the Jews, the Armenians, the Greeks, the Syrians and the Persians. None of these cultures has produced anything that comes even close to being a reliable testimony about Muhammad that dates from the period in which Muhammad supposedly lived, or from a period reasonably close to it.
Here too it has to be noted that such testimony may, in theory, be recovered in the future.
It may sound crazy but it is not as crazy as it sounds: a number of scholars consequently suspect that Muhammad is not a historical figure, but a literary character that was created by ancient Arab storytellers, perhaps early in the eighth century of our era. If these scholars are right, it may become emotionally and intellectually much more difficult to take the reports about Muhammad's deeds as setting an absolute
authoritative example of truly Islamic behaviour, as Muslims ought to do.
It goes without saying that in the eyes of a true believer, the authority of a human storyteller can never equal the divine authority of the Messenger of God.
It can be defended perfectly well that the stories and sermons about
Muhammad's deeds have been created simply in order to give divine sanction to the man-made rules which these stories embody.
These stories enjoy religious authority, but they nevertheless may have little or no basis in historical reality.
They are edifying, they may even be wise and good, like the Story of the Good Samaritan in the New Testament, but are they history? Modern unbelievers will not lose any sleep about this question, but true believers would definitely feel cheated if the canonical 1 stories about Muhammad were fiction, and possess no historicity.
Nobody will as yet dare to uphold that we are forced to reject the historicity of the prophet of Islam, but doubt is perfectly justified, and it is difficult to see why Muslims do not set up research projects to clear up at least some aspects of this historicity question. It cannot be that they are afraid of what they will find out. Or are they?
Of course no amount of scholarship could possibly answer the question of whether Muhammad was really the Messenger of God, but archaeology might tell us a number of things about ancient Arabia we would very much like to know and that would confirm or contradict the official Islamic general picture of the period.
It would be too courageous to reject the historicity of Muhammad, and Aisha, and who knows who else, on the basis of the existing lack of evidence. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that it often is obvious that the storytellers of early Islam do not sound like real historians. It is their aim to convince their audience of political, legal and religious values. They do not try to report about a past that they remember although it may sometimes look as if they do.
For instance, Koran 4:34 orders men to beat their wives, wa-Dribuuhunna.
This, of course, is embarrassing. Beating women is not a particularly brave thing to do. So, when the storytellers describe Muhammad's last public appearance before his death, they make him say that men should beat their women
only lightly.
Their story may represent historical memory, but, on the other hand, it is much more probable that it serves a different aim: to exonerate the Holy Book of Islam of preaching violence against unarmed women.
The storytellers intended to convince their public that Muhammad has indeed been a prophet from God. In order to do so, they assured their public that already Christians, even monks, had recognized him as such. They had no real memory of such an event, but they wanted to convince their public that to recognize Muhammad as the prophet of God was a good thing.
If a neutral, Christian authority had already recognized Muhammad, they must have argued, how much more should others do so!
In this case, the storytellers could only get their message across if they could create a setting in which Muhammad might have actually met a monk. Hence, they tell several stories of how Muhammad as a child went to Syria, together with one of his uncles. There he met his monk, and the monk recognized him. The many stories about Muhammad's travels to Syria are not the product of real historical memory, however vague, but a creation that was made necessary by the theological need to
have Muhammad recognized as a prophet by Christians, preferably a monk.
The story about the meeting of Muhammad and the monk is improbable, it appears in many contradictory versions, but it served its purpose. For the same reason, the storytellers convey stories about a journey to Ethiopia which the early Muslims undertook. These stories contain no details, but if they do, the details are contradictory, an indication that they may have been invented - at least partly so, or perhaps, completely. It is difficult to say.
Men who preached that Muhammad has been the Messenger of God created the corpus of stories about Muhammad's life, and some of these stories may have been true. But which ones? For some incidents, three or four versions are reported.
Should scholars try and figure out which of the four versions is the 'true' one? Or, perhaps, the only true one, version five, has simply been forgotten? We do not know these things, and we never will.
However, the possibility that one of the versions they were familiar with might be the true one, strongly motivated the scholars of early Islam to preserve every story they could lay their hands on. This added to the chaotic 2 state of the corpus of their stories.
It is not only the lack of archaeological confirmation and the peculiar literary character of the Islamic official version of the early history of Islam that evokes uneasy questions. Even the names of some of the principle characters are suspect.
Can it be coincidence that the names of Muhammad's two most prominent wives, Khadiga and Aisha, have meanings that are each other's opposite?
Arabic khadiiga means 'stillborn', hence 'dead', whereas Arabic Aisha means 'living', 'alive'.
Similar suspicions concerning the names of lesser figures abound.
And then, lastly, the most delicate problem: the chronology. The chronology of the early history of Islam is uncertain, if only because at the time people did not have calendars or agendas.
More seriously, not long before the death of Muhammad Islam completely changed the way in which years and months are counted. Both the Koran and the collections of sayings and stories report this reform of the calendar extensively.
The storytellers, however, frequently date their stories to a month of the
present Muslim lunar year, but not once to one of the leap months of the previous system.
Would Muhammad and the early Muslims have remained completely inactive in such a leap month?
Did nothing fit to print or to report happen in any of these leap
months? This is difficult to imagine.
Only one conclusion is possible. The storytellers appear not to have taken this well-attested reform of the calendar into account.
Why is this worrying?
At this reform, in 631, the leap months of the earlier system were abolished. Not even the names of the ancient leap months have been preserved. The absence of leap months in the stories strongly suggests that the stories, in their present form, date from a period
in which the earlier leap month calendar had been completely forgotten. This means that the stories in their present form could be quite late.
We have to live with even more coincidences. The symmetry of the
chronology of the official version of the early history of Islam is absolutely amazing.
Muhammad spent ten years as a preacher in Mecca, followed by ten years as a statesman in Medina. Ten years before Troy, ten years travelling back to Ithaca. It is not impossible, but probable it is not.
The earliest storytellers might have emphasized that Aisha was young when Muhammad died. The next generation of storytellers might have improved on the story. If she was young when Muhammad died, she might actually have been only 18 in the year 632, the year Muhammad died. But then she was only nine when Muhammad first slept with her in 623!
Other storytellers might have made an additional point: Look at the beauty of the symmetry this creates: the number of years
she lived with Muhammad as her husband after their marriage is equal to the number of years she lived without him previously.
The standard Islamic version of the history of early Islam is blessed with many such coincidences. These might, at the time, have helped believers to believe, which is a good thing, but modern sceptics find no pleasure in such coincidence, only suspicion. We can easily see that some stories have sequels by simply reading them
carefully.
Other stories even have prequels. This is amazing, and it only makes our
suspicions stronger.
If the chronology is defective, it is consequently highly improbable that Aisha was actually 9 years old when Muhammad started to sleep with her, as the Muslim sources report.
This is not without legal consequences. If the chronology of such
reports is open to question, is it reasonable to use them as legal precedents? Can specialists on Muslim law justify the marriage of very young girls to old men with an appeal to the reports on the life of Muhammad?
The case looks extremely doubtful.
We know a lot about, for instance, the Roman emperors, and this from a wide variety of sources. We know almost nothing about the earliest Muslims. We certainly know very little about the chronology of the first century of Islam. The stories we are asked to believe, display a degree of symmetry that is pleasing, but the real world is only very rarely symmetrical.
Muhammad, as you all know, is the Prophet of Islam. But we do not know much more than that, whatever the religious leaders of Islam claim to be the case.
The Danish scholar Frants Buhl wrote the standard biography that assumes the sources to be at least partly historical: Das Leben Muhammeds, 1929, and often reprinted.
First published in Danish in 1903, Muhammeds Liv med en Indledning om Forholdene i Arabien før Muhammeds Optræden.
See also Hans Jansen, Muhammad: The Mecca and Medina Stories, (in the press) Prometheus Books 2012, 525 pages;
or Hans Jansen, Mohammed: Eine Biographie, München (C.H. Beck) 2008, 492 pages (in German).
English translation of the standard collection of stories: Alfred Guillaume, The Life of Muhammad: A translation of [Ibn] Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, First published 1955; many reprints.
The six canonized collections of sayings are usually referred to as Bukhari, Muslim, Ibn Maga, Abu Dawud, Tirmidhi and Nasai, all from the late 9th century AD.
Translations of these collections can easily be found on the Internet.
The Islamic sources also present a more general picture of the history of the early Islamic period but the available evidence does not support this picture either.
Again, it is important to realize that an 'argument from silence', the argumentum ex silentio, is not proof of anything.
Meisje toch, hoe kom jij er bij dat er een islamitisch reformisme mogelijk is..
